From Street Courage to Digital Governance: Assessing the Behavioral Intention of Post-Revolution Youth of Kathmandu to Adopt E-Government Services - An Integrated UTAUT and Trust Analysis
Downloads
The recent Gen Z Revolution of 2025, which demanded an end to corruption, has reshaped how young citizens in Kathmandu view the role of the government. Against this background, the present study examines the behavioral intention (BI) of post-revolution youth of Kathmandu to make use of digital government services since e-governance is globally accepted as a tool for transparency, efficiency and accountability in the government. By extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) framework with Trust Expectancy (TE), the study explores how Performance Expectancy (PE), Effort Expectancy (EE), Social Influence (SI), Facilitating Conditions (FC), and Trust Expectancy (TE) influence the technology adoption intentions. Gender (GEN) and prior experience with the Government of Nepal’s “Nagarik” App (EXP) are included as moderators. Data were obtained from 350 respondents (N = 350) through an online survey. Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), the moderated model showed strong explanatory power with 78.6% of the variance in BI (R² = 0.786). Among the direct effects, PE (β = 0.261, p < 0.001) and FC (β = 0.250, p < 0.001) were the most influential predictors followed by TE (β = 0.187, p = 0.004), highlighting its importance amongst the youth that had very low trust in the government. Further, EE (β = 0.174, p = 0.010) and SI (β = 0.093, p = 0.010) also contribute to BI, though less significant. Regarding moderation, Gender has significant impact on SI (β = –0.130, p = 0.019), suggesting that peer-driven adoption dynamics differ between male and female youth. Overall, this study provides evidence-based findings about the key drivers of e-governance adoption amongst youth of developing countries like Nepal and highlights the implications for policymakers looking to answer to the demand of the youth for transparency and accountability in governance.
Acharya, U. (2020). Social media, youth and political participation (Research Paper). South Asia Watch on Trade, Economics and Environment (SAWTEE).
Adhikary, B. (2014). Age and sex composition of Nepal spotlighting by provinces: A trend analysis (2001-2031). ResearchGate.
Adhikari, P. (2025, October 3). Nepal’s leaderless Gen-Z revolution has changed the rules of power. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2025/10/3/nepals-leaderless-gen-z-revolution-has-changed-the-rules-of-power
Ahmed, J., Rahman, M., & Islam, S. (2025). Digital government transformation in emerging economies: The role of facilitating conditions and user support. Government Information Quarterly, 42(2), 101899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2025.101899
Alalwan, A. A., Dwivedi, Y. K., Rana, N. P., & Williams, M. D. (2017a). Consumer adoption of mobile banking in Jordan: Examining the role of usefulness, ease of use, perceived risk and knowledge. International Journal of Information Management, 37(3), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.12.008
Alalwan, A. A., Dwivedi, Y. K., Rana, N. P., & Williams, M. D. (2017b). An integrated model of the factors influencing consumer intention to use mobile shopping. International Journal of Information Management, 37(1), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.09.006
Al-Hujran, O., Al-Lozi, M., & Al-Debei, M. (2023). The role of trust in mobile government services adoption: An extended UTAUT perspective. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 20(4), 398–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2023.2201234
Almaiah, M. A., & Nasereddin, Y. (2020). Factors influencing the adoption of e government services among Jordanian citizens. Electronic Government: An International Journal, 16(3), 236–259. https://doi.org/10.1504/EG.2020.108453
Ariyo, O. (2024). Youth activism in the digital age: Leveraging social media for sustainable change. Medium.
Aviyanti, R. D., Saraswati, E., Prastiwi, A. (2021). Analysis of acceptance of accounting information system implementation based on electronic payment using the UTAUT model. The International Journal of Accounting and Business Society, 29(2), 119-149. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.ijabs.2021.29.2.8
Basnyat, S. (2022). Digital transformation in Nepali public administration: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 12(4), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v12i4.20455
Bhandari, P., & Desruisseaux, T.-M. (2025). Digital literacy and its impact on employment in Nepal. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 15(10), 315–323. https://doi.org/10.55493/5007.v15i10.5635
Bélanger, F., & Carter, L. (2023). Trust and risk in e-government adoption: A global review. Information Systems Frontiers, 25(3), 789–807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10313-9
Centre for Social Change. (2022). Youth participation in governance: Report on trust gaps in Nepal. Centre for Social Change Press.
Choudhury, N., & Islam, M. T. (2025). Trust and transparency in e-governance adoption: A post-pandemic study in South Asia. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 15(1), 45-62. https://doi.org/10.37243/JPAG.2025.15.1.45 Consult Nepal. (2024). E-governance: Transforming public services for positive impact. https://consultnepal.com/e-governance-in-nepal/
Dbesan, T. L., Ghandour, R. R., Khader, H. A., & Abu-Dalou, S. A. (2023). The influence of the UTAUT2 framework on doctors' behavioral intention to use blockchain technology in government hospitals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(15), 6430. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156430
Dhakal, S., Gautam, S., & Shrestha, R. (2023b). Understanding the role of digital media in youth political participation: The case of Kathmandu. Media, Culture & Society, 45(7), 1234–1250. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437231170707
DIVA Portal. (2025). Increasing e-government adoption through social media: A case of Nepal. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2%3A372485/fulltext01.pdf
Dwivedi, Y. K., Lal, B., Williams, M. D., & Schneberger, S. L. (2011a). A meta-analysis of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). In J. F. Schleich (Ed.), Social and organizational impact and behavior informatics (pp. 377–400). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-311-1.ch021
Dwivedi, Y. K., Janssen, M., & Dwivedi, R. (2011b). Predictors of adoption of e-government services: An Indian perspective. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 51(4), 81–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/08874417.2011.11645499
Fadrial, R., Sujianto, S., Simanjuntak, H. T. R. F., Wirman, W., & Wibowo, W. S. (2024). Fostering trust through bytes: Unravelling the impact of e-government on public trust in Indonesian local government. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management, 19, 015. https://doi.org/10.28945/5278
Ghimire, S., & Kaur, K. (2026). Understanding the impact of Nagarik App on behavioural intention of the citizens of Kathmandu for the transition towards e-governance – An extended UTAUT study. Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 13(1), 128–144. https://doi.org/10.3126/jaar.v13i1.90232
Government of Nepal (GON). (2024). National strategy on digital governance and inclusion (2024-2030). Ministry of Communication and Information Technology.
Gurkha Technology. (2025). E-governance Nepal: Bridging the digital divide. https://gurkhatech.com/e-governance-nepal-actionable-recommendations/
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Hasan, M. M., Islam, S., & Jahan, S. (2024). Examining the influence of digital literacy and prior experience on AI-enabled public service adoption: A generational perspective. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 10, 100345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100345
Hendrajaya, C. T., Brahmasari, I. A., & Brahma Ratih, I. A. (2024). The influence of effort expectancy, performance expectancy, and social influence on perceived risk, behavioral intention, and actual use moderated by user trust in social commerce in Indonesia. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 8(6), 4683–4699. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v8i6.3017
Hosseini, A., Rahman, M., & Al-Hakim, L. (2023a). Examining the role of trust in the adoption of e-governance services: A comparative study in Asian emerging economies. Information Technology for Development, 30(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2023.2185568
Hosseini, M., Alibakhsh, S., & Ghassemi, B. (2023b). Modeling citizen trust in e-governance platforms: A hybrid UTAUT-based approach in emerging economies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 187, 122194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.122194
Hosseini, S. A., Zanjani, H., & Alipour, S. (2023c). Modeling the impact of citizens' trust on the intention to use e-government services: An extended UTAUT approach. Journal of Behavioral Sciences in Technology, 1(2), 101-118. https://doi.org/10.55677/jbst.v1i2.21
Hosseini, S. M. R., Malekian, S., & Azimifar, M. (2023d). Trust and the intention to use government services: An extended UTAUT perspective. Government Information Quarterly, 40(2), 101821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101821
Imam, N. S., & Al-Madi, S. (2025). Factors affecting the adoption of e-governance services by youth in the Middle East. Government Information Quarterly, 39(3), 101683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2024.101683
Imam, T., & Al-Madi, R. T. (2022). The influence of perceived value and performance expectancy on mobile government adoption. Government Information Quarterly, 39(3), 101691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2022.101691
India Today. (2025, September 8). Gen Z protests in Nepal against KP Sharma Oli government corruption and social media restrictions. https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/gen-z-protests-nepal-kp-sharma-oli-corruption-social-media-restrictions-2783683-2025-09-08
Islam, M. S. (2020). E-governance adoption in Bangladesh: An integrated framework of UTAUT and technology trust. Information Technology for Development, 26(2), 350–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2019.1670984
Islam, R. (2020). E-government adoption in developing countries: A systematic review of the literature. International Journal of Electronic Governance, 12(4), 365–388. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijeg.2020.111817
Junnonyang, D. C. (2024). Predicting e-government adoption intention of citizens in Nigeria: An application of extended UTAUT model. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331188X.2024.2307844
Junnonyang, G. (2024). Social influence on e-government adoption. In Factors influencing user perception and adoption of e-government services (pp. 32–45). MDPI.
Kathmandu Post. (2025, September 27). Gen Z protests shake Nepal’s political order, force interim government. https://kathmandupost.com/national/2025/09/27/gen-z-protests-shake-nepal-s-political-order-force-interim-government
Khan, G., & Ul Abideen, Z. (2023). Modeling the adoption of m-government services in a developing country: An extended UTAUT perspective. Government Information Quarterly, 40(4), 101859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101859
Kurfalı, M., Arifoğlu, A., Tokdemir, G., & Çiçek, M. (2017). Adoption of e-government services: An extension of UTAUT model. Government Information Quarterly, 34(4), 716–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.09.001
Lee, M., & Kim, Y. (2025). The impacts of virtual try-on for online shopping on consumer purchase intention: The moderating role of technology experience. Cogent Business & Management, 12(1), 2500774. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311979.2024.2500774
Li, H., & Shang, S. (2025). Examining the drivers of citizen participation in government-led online public consultation in the age of generative AI: An extended UTAUT perspective. Government Information Quarterly, 42(2), 101905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2025.101905
Li, H., & Wang, Y. (2023a). Trust, transparency, and youth engagement in digital governance: Evidence from East Asia. Government Information Quarterly, 40(1), 101789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2022.101789
Li, J., & Wang, Y. (2023b). The effect of institutional trust on citizen engagement in e-governance: Evidence from a longitudinal study. Government Information Quarterly, 40(4), 101850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101850
Li, Z., & Shang, Z. (2025). The role of social influence in promoting continuous e-governance use among Chinese university students. PLOS ONE, 20(4), e0317685. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0317685
Liu, S., Chen, M., & Zhang, W. (2025a). Moderating effects of gender in the acceptance of mobile SNS-based on UTAUT model. International Journal of Mobile Communication, 23(3), 299-318. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmc.2025.10061555
Liu, Y., Zhang, L., & Chen, H. (2025b). The diminishing influence of social factors in mandatory technology adoption: A study of digital health records. Information Technology & People, 38(3), 809-835. https://doi.org/10.1108/itp-07-2023-0545
Local governments’ accountability and public trust in Nepal: Does participation make a difference? (2024). Information for Practice. NYU Wagner. https://ifp.nyu.edu/2024/open-access-journal-articles/app5-387/
Madaki, M., Nordin, N., & Ogbari, M. (2024). Factors influencing m-government adoption in the developing world: A UTAUT-based model integrating trust, risk and trendiness. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 55(2), 177–199. https://doi.org/10.1108/vjikms-02-2023-0043
Maharjan, Mohan & Maharjan, Sabindra & Shrestha, Roopesh & Neupane, Bivab & Ameen, Ali. (2025). Critical factors affecting adoption of Nepals e-government services: a literature review. International Journal of Public Sector Performance Management. 15. 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPSPM.2025.143568
Manap, S. (2024). Gen Z communication and political participation in digital media. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business, Economics, Social Sciences, and Humanities - Humanities and Social Sciences Track (ICOBEST-HSS 2024) (pp. 186-193). Atlantis Press.
Martinez, A., & Silva, B. (2023). Organizational culture adaptation and leadership commitment in driving digital transformation: Implications for trust in e-government. Government Information Quarterly, 40(1), 101789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2022.101789
Mastran, S., & Bhandari, B. (2022). Behavioural Intention to Adoption of Digital Wallets in Nepal: An Application Using the UTAUT Model. Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 4(1), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.3126/jbss.v4i1.71134
Mergel, I., & Desouza, K. C. (2017a). Social media in government: A research agenda for youth engagement. Government Information Quarterly, 34(3), 478–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.05.004
Mergel, I., & Desouza, K. C. (2017b). Implementing transparency-focused e-government initiatives. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 27(4), 633–648. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mux004
Mishra, A. (2024). Strengthening digital inclusion through e-government: Cohesive ICT training programs to intensify digital competency. Taylor & Francis Online, 57(5), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699.2024.2378945
MyRepublica. (2025). E-governance in Nepal: Challenges and opportunities. https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/index.php/news/e-governance-in-nepal-challenges-and-opportunities-95-85.html
Nair, M., & Mathew, S. (2021a). The impact of accountability on e-governance adoption: A study of youth in India. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 34(2), 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-04-2020-0097
Nair, M., & Mathew, S. (2021b). Corrupt practices and the adoption of e-governance in developing countries. Asian Journal of Public Administration, 49(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/02598272.2021.1963032
National Statistics Office. (2023). National population and housing census 2021 (National Report). National Statistics Office, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Negm, A. A. (2023). Extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model to understand smart city application adoption. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 3(2), 100185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjmeins.2023.100185
Nepal Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration. (2025). The adoption of e-governance services by employees of local government in Nepal [Master's thesis/Report].
Nepali ICT. (2025). E-governance in Nepal: Revolutionary digital transformation of government services. https://nepaliict.com/e-governance-in-nepal/
Nepal SDG Forum. (2023). Nepal’s digital infrastructure and connectivity. In Nepal SDG Forum Report. https://www.nepalsdgforum.hcoe.edu.np/uploads/attachments/cqcvxyd8msowlpij.pdf
Neupane, S., Bhushal, S., & Karki, R. (2023a). Factors influencing the adoption of e-government services: A study among university students. MDPI, 11(9), 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20156430
Neupane, S., Bhushal, S., & Karki, R. (2023b). Digital payments adoption among youth in Nepal: An
extended UTAUT perspective. Journal of Global Information Management, 31(5), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.4018/jgim.20230901.oa12
Nguyen, T. (2024). The impact of trust and social influence on mobile banking adoption in Vietnam. Asian Journal of Business Research, 14(2), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.14707/ajbr.240033
Oliveira, T., & Martins, M. F. (2023). E-government acceptance and use among European citizens. Government Information Quarterly, 40(4), 101789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101789
Ooi, K. B., & Li, D. (2024a). Trust as a mediator in e-government adoption: A study of privacy and security concerns among millennials. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 13, 100345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2024.100345
Ooi, S. T., & Li, R. (2024b). Digital rights and youth participation in Southeast Asian e-governance. Public Administration and Development, 44(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.2057
Onlinekhabar. (2024, October 22). National ID now integrated with Nagarik App; passport applications made easier. https://english.onlinekhabar.com/national-id-now-integrated-with-nagarik-app-passport-applications-made-easier.html
Paudel, B. R., & Bhattarai, R. (2025). Digital platforms, social media and public trust in Nepali governance. Journal of South Asian Studies, 44(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2024.2444555
Paudel, K. R., & Phuyel, S. P. (2025). Strengthening democracy in Nepal: The role of trust, transparency, and anti-corruption. Perspectives on Higher Education, 15(02), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.3126/phe.v15i02.81110
Phuyal, P. (2024). Digitalization of government services and citizen satisfaction: A case study in Dhankuta District, Nepal. Prashasan: The Nepalese Journal of Public Administration, 56(1), 135–152. https://doi.org/10.3126/prashasan.v56i1.67336
Phuyal, S. (2024b). E-governance, citizen satisfaction and net benefits: The moderating effect of digital divide. Journal of Management & Governance. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-024-09756-1
Pusposari, D., Rachman, O. A., Kusumadewi, A. W. (2024). The Determinants of Students’ Intentions to Use Artificial Intelligence-Based Mobile Investment Apps. The International Journal of Accounting and Business Society, 32(3), 249-256. https://doi.org/10.21776/ijabs.2024.32.3.720
Puspita, R., Sari, D., & Haryadi, P. (2025). The role of social influence in initial adoption of new digital government platforms in collectivist cultures. International Journal of Information Management, 79, 102711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2024.102711
Pramono, Y., Bramantyo, M. A., Syukur, M., Dewabroto, W. S., Gunadi, W. (2023). Analysis Of the Influence of Brand Image, Trust, E-Service Quality, and Loyalty Program on Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty on E-Wallet Usage. (2023). The International Journal of Accounting and Business Society, 31(2), 131-136. https://doi.org/10.21776/ijabs.2023.31.2.779
Rai, M. (2024). Citizen adoption of government apps in Nepal: A modified UTAUT approach. International Journal of E-Government Research, 20(1), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJEGR.339669
Raihan, S., Islam, A., & Haque, R. (2024). Performance expectancy and facilitating conditions as critical success factors for e-governance services in developing countries. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 4(1), 100224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijim.2024.100224
Rana, A. (2023). Mobile broadband connectivity status in Nepal: Trends and challenges (Report No. TNA-04). Nepal Telecommunications Authority. https://nta.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/TNA-04.pdf
Rana, P., Khadka, R., & Acharya, P. (2024). Assessing cybersecurity challenges in public services: A developing nation perspective. Asian Journal of Information Technology, 23(1), 12–25. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajit.2024.12.25
Ramli, N. H., Che Mat, N. H., Yusoff, S. N. A., Mamat, M., Setapa, M., Yuslina Yusoff, & Shari, A. S. (2025). The Relationship Between Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, and Perceived Risk on AI Acceptance in Higher Education. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 9(8), 1017–1026. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.908000087
Sabani, N. (2020). Factors influencing citizens’ intention to adopt e-government services: An extended UTAUT perspective. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 15(3), 40–54. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-18762020000300204
Shah, R. (2023). Digitalization of public services in Nepal: Status, challenges, and the way forward. Prashasan: Journal of Governance and Public Policy. https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/prashasan/article/download/67336/51210
Shakya, K. (2025). Infrastructure gaps and the digital divide in South Asian E-Government. Journal of Development Studies, 61(2), 321–340. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2024.2345678
Shakya, S. (2025). The role of human capital in e-governance adoption: A study of digital readiness in Kathmandu. International Journal of E-Government Research, 21(1), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijegr.2025010103
Shareef, M. A., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Kumar, U. (2025). Factors influencing m-government adoption in the developing world: A UTAUT-based model integrating trust, risk and trendiness. VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 55(2), 177–199. https://doi.org/10.1108/vjikms-02-2023-0043
Sharma, B., & Karki, S. (2024). The Gen Z political awakening: Youth activism and the demand for digital transparency in Nepalese governance. Asian Journal of Political Science, 32(1), 58–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2023.2282283
Smith, B., Jones, A., & Clark, L. (2020). Gen Z's political participation in digital media. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 8(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v8i1.956
Smith, J., Williams, M., & Brown, P. (2020b). Social media and political participation among Gen Z: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 8(2), 596-612. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v8i2.940
Teh, B. S., Tan, S. S., & Lim, W. J. (2024a). Extending the UTAUT model with trust: Predicting the adoption of government digital services in ASEAN economies. Government Information Quarterly, 41(1), 101888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101888
Teh, P. L., Ling, S. S., & Lim, C. H. (2024b). Modeling trust in e-governance adoption: An extended UTAUT perspective. International Journal of E-Government Research, 20(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijegr.341459
Timsina, S. M., & Bhattarai, U. (2025). Identifying factors shaping the behavioural intention of Nepalese youths to adopt digital health tools. Health Care Technology Letters, 12(1), e70005. https://doi.org/10.1049/htl2.70005
Tremblay-Cantin, M. (2023). Understanding the factors influencing citizens' adoption of e-government services: A systematic review. Government Information Quarterly, 40(3), 101744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101744
UN Women. (2023). Innovation and technological change, and education in the digital age for achieving gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls. (CSW67 Expert Group Meeting Report). United Nations.
UNICEF Nepal. (2024). Nepal’s digital generation: Challenges and solutions for child online protection. https://www.unicef.org/nepal/reports/nepals-digital-generation
United Nations. (2023). E-government development index (EGDI) 2022. Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified theory of acceptance and use. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425–478. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540
Wahi, N. S. A., & Berényi, L. (2023). Validating UTAUT model for e-government adoption among employees: A pilot study. Gradus, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.47833/2023.2.ECO.009
Wang, L., Ma, W., & Jiang, Z. (2023). Exploring the institutional factors influencing the development and implementation of e-government services in China. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 13(18), 97–109. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i18/19316
Wang, Y., Li, Z., & Chen, S. (2024). Citizen trust and the acceptance of public sector artificial intelligence services. Public Management Review, 26(8), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2023.2201987
Zeebaree, M., & Zeebaree, S. R. (2022). Extending UTAUT with perceived risk and trust to predict the use of e-government services in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 17(2), 552–570. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer17020029
Zeebaree, M., & Zeebaree, S. R. (2023). Factors affecting citizens’ continuous usage intention of e-government services: An extended UTAUT model. International Journal of Electronic Government Research (IJEGR), 19(3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijegr.341517
Zeebaree, S. R. (2022b). Sustainable adoption of e-government from the UTAUT perspective: The role of system trust. Sustainability, 14(9), 5370. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095370
Zeebaree, S. R. (2023b). Challenges facing e-government implementation and adoption: Integrating UTAUT with trust, perceived risk, and institutional variables. Journal of Information Technology & Politics. (in press). https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2023.2185568
Copyright (c) 2026 Sagar Ghimire, Kamaljeet Kaur (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
By submitting your manuscript to IJABS, you agree and confirm that the paper you have submitted is your own original and unpublished work, does not contain any defamatory or other unlawful content(s), and you will accept responsibility for plagiarism. You and your co-authors retain copyright and grant BESRA the right of publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.
